How can Ms. Walker best help Jamie participate more in class discussions?

Increasing the wait time after asking discussion questions is an effective strategy for helping Jamie participate more in class discussions. This approach allows all students, including those who might need extra time to formulate their thoughts, the opportunity to think critically and respond more thoughtfully. Research in educational psychology highlights that many students, particularly those who may feel anxious or hesitant to speak in front of others, benefit from additional time to gather their ideas. This practice not only aids in building Jamie's confidence but also encourages a more inclusive atmosphere where all students feel that their contributions are valued and considered.

Other methods, like calling on him for every question, may put Jamie on the spot and potentially heighten any anxiety he feels about participating. Similarly, simply encouraging shouting out answers may not help him to articulate his thoughts clearly or organize his ideas effectively. Providing written questions in advance can be supportive in preparing Jamie but does not actively facilitate his engagement in real-time discussions. Hence, increasing wait time is the most beneficial option as it fosters thoughtful participation in a more relaxed environment.